UNIT 2
SIGMUND FREUD (1856 – 1939)
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian doctor who explored the work of human mind. He developed psychoanalysis, which is both a way treating neurosis, or mental disturbances, and a theory of how the mind works.
Freud was born in Moravia, now part of Czechoslovakia. When he was four, his family moved to Vienna, Austria. Freud entered the University of Vienna when he was 17. One day, he attended a lecture on nature. He was so fascinated that he made up his mind to become a doctor.
Freud became interested in disease of mind. In 1885, he won a fellowship to study in Paris under the guidance of a doctor, Jean Martin Chariot, who was famous for his work on this kind of disease. The next year, Freud returned to Vienna, married and began to treat disease of mind.
Freud had great insight into the human mind. He thought that every person is born with a certain needs, he said, are unconscious – people are not aware of thinking about such needs. Freud named the part of mind controlling these instinctive unconscious needs the id, and he said that person’s id operates to give pleasure.
Freud also said that, as we grow up from infancy, we acquire an ego, a collection of memories and thoughts that help us deal with the world around us. We continue to grow and from the teaching of our family and society, we develop a superego – a conscience. Our superego and id often push in apposite ways. Our ego usually reduces this conflict by helping us to get pleasure without “hurting” our conscience.
But if a person unconscious thoughts and needs are very strong, they may cause unusual behavior, or neurosis. Freud’s treatment for neurosis is psychoanalysis (examination of the mind), a method for uncovering these unconscious thoughts and understanding how they cause problems, Freud thoughts that even dreams that seem to make no sense are a very important clue to understanding the mind.
Glossary
Explore :menyelidiki
Neurosis :gangguan mental
Disturbances :gangguan
Fascinated :tertarik, terpesona
Disease :penyakit
Fellowship :beasiswa
Insight :perhatian, wawasan
Unconscious :tidak sadar
Id :keinginana, nafsu
Ego :tindakan untuk mendapatkan keinginan
Superego :norma (yang mengontrol tindakan / ego)
Pleasure :kesenangan
Infancy :masa kecil
Acquire :mendapatkan
Uncovering :menemukan
Exercise 1
Answer these following questions based on the above text
1. When was Sigmund Freud born?
2. How old did he die?
3. What was he concerned with?
4. When did he join university? What major did he study?
5. Why did he want to be a doctor?
6. Who is Jean Martin Chariot?
7. According to Freud, food and drink are unconscious needs. Why did he say so?
8. These needs, he said, are unconscious – people are no aware of thinking about such needs. What does “dash” ( - ) mean?
9. Mention the example of conscious needs and don’t forget to explain each.
10. What do id, ego, and superego mean? Explain by giving examples of each?
Conscious, make his mind up, fellowship, fascinate, and aquire, disturbance, dealing, and ego.
1. He is always confused to choose which girl he should marry. His friends tells him to … which girl he tends to marry quickly.
2. He is smart students but poor. He wants to enter the University without paying anything. His uncle, then, asks him to join a … program.
3. My child is always interested in toys – cars and always asks me to buy them. One day we went shopping in delta plaza. Suddenly he stopped in front of a car shop and pointed to the big car. As a matter of fact, he was … by the car, which was like his toy-car. And do you know what happened? He asks me to buy that car!
4. He was unconscious for days, but now he is fully … again.
5. Some students say that they study hard because they want to get reward from their parents. Some want to obtain good marks and some other want to … knowledge only.
6. … some problem we have to discuss. Would you please attend the meeting scheduled on Saturday night, 17 August 1995 at my house? Because it is urgent, no excuse for you not to come to the meeting. Thanks a lot.
LANGUAGE WORK
A sentence is a group of words that can be used to communicate ideas in writing and in speech. It must contain at least, a subject and a predicate (verb), look at these examples:
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian doctor
S V O
He developed psychoanalysis
S V O
Remember:
Subject is the word (words) that names a person, a thing, or a plane that a sentence is about. It is usually a noun or pronoun.
Predicate / verb is a statement about a subject. It expresses an action.
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